Interim advice for preparedness and response to cases of COVID-19 at points of entry in the European Union (EU)/EEA Member States (MS)
The interim advice documents listed below were prepared after a request from the European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE). An ad-hoc working group was established with members from the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS joint action consortium.
The scope of the advice provided in the documents listed below is to assist public health authorities in developing their short-term and long-term national and local preparedness plans. It further contains useful advice for the air, maritime and ground transport sectors.
POINTS OF ENTRY
AVIATION
-
Facilitating safe crew changes and supporting seafarer wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic (Version 1)
-
Tool for contingency plan development and assessment for ports
-
Guidelines for cruise ship operations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Version 5 - June 2022)
These guidelines are not up to date. Up to date guidelines for COVID-19 during routine cruise ship operations are going to be developed in the framework of the HEALTHY SAILING project and will be published when available here: https://healthysailing.eu/
For up to date guidelines about COVID-19 case management and for responding to a COVID-19 outbreak on board cruise ships please consult the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS document: “Advice for cruise ship operators for preparedness and response to an outbreak of COVID-19” (https://www.healthygateways.eu/Portals/0/plcdocs/EUHG_Outbreak_management_CoV_June2022.pdf)
-
Advice for preparedness and response to cases of COVID-19 on board ferries after lifting restrictive measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
-
Interim advice for restarting river cruise ship operations after lifting restrictive measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
-
WHO, WHERE, HOW: Overview of personal protective equipment (PPE) recommended for personnel, crew and passengers at points of entry and on board conveyances in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (VERSION 4 – 20/05/2020)
and general advice at points of entry for public health measures and screening:
-
General guidance for restarting transportation activities to serve tourism after lifting restrictive measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Version 1 - 15/05/2020)
-
Suggested procedures for cleaning and disinfection of ships during the COVID-19 pandemic (Version 2 – 20/04/2020)
-
Advice for health authorities and ship operators who have decided to suspend sailings and for the long-term docking of ships at the ports of EU/EEA MS during COVID-19 pandemic
It is recommended that the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS document “Advice for health authorities and ship operators who have decided to suspend sailings and for the long-term docking of ships at the ports of EU/EEA MS during COVID-19 pandemic” should be read and used also considering the following Commission Guidelines on protection of health, repatriation and travel arrangements for seafarers, passengers and other persons on board ships:
- Commission Guidelines on protection of health, repatriation and travel arrangements for seafarers, passengers and other persons on board ships. (08 April 2020). Available here
-
Advice for cruise ship operators for preparedness and response to the outbreak of COVID-19
-
It is recommended that the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS document “Advice for ship operators for preparedness and response to the outbreak of COVID-19” should be read and used also considering the following Commission Guidelines on protection of health, repatriation and travel arrangements for seafarers, passengers and other persons on board ships:
- Commission Guidelines on protection of health, repatriation and travel arrangements for seafarers, passengers and other persons on board ships. (08 April 2020). Available here
-
Public health measures at points of entry (VERSION 3 - 20/02/2020)
-
Exit and entry screening at points of entry (VERSION 1 - 06/02/2020)
GROUND CROSSINGS
- Buses and bus stations
and general advice at points of entry for public health measures and screening:
- Trains and rail stations
and general advice at points of entry for public health measures and screening:
Communications from the Commission about COVID-19 and transport
- Presidency Statement on the Coordination of COVID-19 Travel Measures. 4 January 2023
https://swedish-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/en/news/presidency-statement-on-the- coordination-of-covid-19-travel-measures/
- European Commission. Adhoc guidance: Wastewater sampling of aircrafts and airports for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. 10 January 2023. European Commission Brussels 2023.
https://wastewater-observatory.jrc.ec.europa.eu/static/pdf/Sampling%20Aircrafts_FINAL_Version%209%20Jan%
202023.pdf
2020-2021
-
Digital Green Certificate https://ec.europa.eu/health/ehealth/covid-19_en
-
Communication: A common path to safe and sustained re-opening https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-safe-sustained-reopening_en.pdf
-
Proposal for a Regulation on interoperable certificates on vaccination, testing and recovery (Digital Green Certificate) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_1181
-
EU health preparedness: A common list of COVID-19 rapid antigen tests, including those of which their test results are mutually recognised, and a common standardised set of data to be included in COVID-19 test result certificates https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/preparedness_response/docs/covid-19_rat_common-list_en.pdf
-
Coronavirus: Commission proposes additional safeguards on travel from outside the EU and updated criteria for applying travel restrictions https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_194
-
EC Proposal for a COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on the temporary restriction on non-essential travel into the EU and the possible lifting of such restriction, amending Council Recommendation 2020/912 https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/pdf/25012021_proposal_council_recommendation_temporary_restriction_non_essential_travel_into_eu_com-2021-39_en.pdf
-
EC Coronavirus: Commission proposes update to coordinated approach on free movement restrictions https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_195
-
Communication: "A united front to beat COVID-19" https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-united-front-beat-covid-19_en.pdf
-
Commission Recommendation on a coordinated approach to travel and transport in response to the SARS-COV-2 variant observed in the United Kingdom https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-recommendation-coordinated-approach-travel-transport_en.pdf
-
Travel restrictions: Council reviews the list of third countries for which restrictions on non-essential travel should be lifted 17/12/2020 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/17/travel-restrictions-council-reviews-the-list-of-third-countries-for-which-restrictions-on-non-essential-travel-should-be-lifted/?utm_source=dsms-auto&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Travel+restrictions%3a+Council+reviews+the+list+of+third+countries+for+which+restrictions+on+non-essential+travel+should+be+lifted#
-
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL. Staying safe from COVID-19 during winter https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/preparedness_response/docs/covid-19_stayingsafe_communication_en.pdf
-
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 28.10.2020 on COVID-19 testing strategies, including the use of rapid antigen tests https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/preparedness_response/docs/covid19_testingstrategies_recommendation_en.pdf
-
European Commission Communication on additional COVID-19 response measures https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-additional-covid-19-response-measures.pdf
-
Policy considerations for a pandemic and other major crisis contingency plan for the European freight transport sector - Approval of Council Conclusions https://www.consilium.europa.eu/register/en/content/out?typ=SET&i=ADV&RESULTSET=1&DOC_TITLE=&CONTENTS=&DOC_ID=12060%2F20&DOS_INTERINST=&DOC_SUBJECT=&DOC_SUBTYPE=&DOC_DATE=&document_date_from_date=&document_date_from_date_submit=&document_date_to_date=&document_date_to_date_submit=&MEET_DATE=&meeting_date_from_date=&meeting_date_from_date_submit=&meeting_date_to_date=&meeting_date_to_date_submit=&DOC_LANCD=EN&ROWSPP=25&NRROWS=500&ORDERBY=DOC_DATE+DESC
-
A coordinated approach to measures restricting free movement in the EU 13 october 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/factsheet_-_coronavirus_-_a_coordinated_approach_to_measures_restricting_free_movement_in_the_eu.pdf
-
EC - 15 June 2020 - ‘Re-open EU’ – a new web platform launched to safely resume free movement and tourism in the EU https://reopen.europa.eu/en
-
EC FAQ Passenger Rights and Package Travel - 27 May 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/faqs-travel-transportation.pdf
-
Press release. 13/05/2020 . Tourism and transport: Commission's guidance on how to safely resume travel and reboot Europe's tourism in 2020 and beyond https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_854
-
COVID-19: Guidelines on the progressive restoration of transport services and connectivity https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/covid-19-guidelines-progressive-restoration-transport-services-and-connectivity_en
-
Communication from the Commission: Tourism and transport in 2020 and beyond https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/tourism-and-transport-2020-and-beyond_en
-
COVID-19: Towards a phased and coordinated approach for the lifting of internal border controls and restoring freedom of movement https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/covid-19-towards-phased-and-coordinated-approach-lifting-internal-border-controls-and-restoring-freedom-movement_en
-
COVID-19: Recommendation on vouchers offered to passengers and travellers as an alternative to reimbursement for cancelled package travel and transport services https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/covid-19-recommendation-vouchers-offered-passengers-and-travellers-alternative-reimbursement-cancelled-package-travel-and-transport-services_en
-
COVID-19: EU Guidance for the progressive resuming of tourism services and for health protocols in hospitality establishments https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/covid-19-eu-guidance-progressive-resuming-tourism-services-and-health-protocols-hospitality-establishments_en
-
European Commission - Questions and answers: Coronavirus: a common approach for safe and efficient mobile tracing apps across the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_869
-
European Commission - Questions and answers: TOURISM AND TRANSPORT PACKAGE. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_870
-
Factsheet: The EU helps reboot Europe's tourism. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/FS_20_851
-
Factsheet: Travel and tourism in Europe: practical guidance for travelers and companies. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/FS_20_850
-
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Guidance on free movement of health professionals and minimum harmonisation of training in relation to COVID-19 emergency measures –recommendations regarding Directive 2005/36/EC https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/guidance-movement-health-professionals-harmonisation-training-covid19_en.pdf
-
Coronavirus: European roadmap shows path towards common lifting of containment measures https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_652
- Commission Guidelines on protection of health, repatriation and travel arrangements for seafarers, passengers and other persons on board ships. 08 April 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/legislation/c20203100.pdf
- Questions & Answers for people travelling to and from the EU during the pandemic https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/faqs-communication-travel-restrictions-08042020_en.pdf
-
Communication on assessment of state of play of the Communication on non-essential travel https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_on_assessment_of_state_of_play_of_the_communication_on_non-essential_travel.pdf
- Note of the Director-General: Exceptional measures in transport to deal with COVID-19; Inability to comply with certain provisions of EU legislation https://ec.europa.eu/transport/news/2020-03-27-exceptional-measures-inability-comply-legislation_en
- Union law requirements that addressees may be unable to comply with due to measures taken in the context of the COVID 19 crisis (Non-exhaustive list, to be updated if necessary) https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/2020-04-06-issue_of_expiry_of_licences_and_certificates.pdf
- Communication from the Commission COVID-19 - Guidance on the implementation of the temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU, on the facilitation of transit arrangements for the repatriation of EU citizens, and on the effects on visa policy 2020/C 102 I/02 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642173770&uri=CELEX:52020XC0330(02)
- Communication from the Commission Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak 2020/C 102 I/03 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642173770&uri=CELEX:52020XC0330(03)
- Communication from the Commission European Commission Guidelines: Facilitating Air Cargo Operations during COVID-19 outbreak 2020/C 100 I/01 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642173770&uri=CELEX:52020XC0327(03)
- COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND THE COUNCIL COVID-19: Temporary Restriction on Non-Essential Travel to the EU https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642173770&uri=CELEX:52020DC0115
- Covid-19 Guidelines for border management measures to protect health and ensure the availability of goods and essential services 2020/C 86 I/01 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642710515&uri=CELEX:52020XC0316(03)
- Communication from the Commission on the implementation of the Green Lanes under the Guidelines for border management measures to protect health and ensure the availability of goods and essential services 2020/C 96 I/01 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642173770&uri=CELEX:52020XC0324(01)
- Commission Notice Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with Covid-19 2020/C 89 I/01 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585643022886&uri=OJ:JOC_2020_089_I_0001
- Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/466 of 30 March 2020 on temporary measures to contain risks to human, animal and plant health and animal welfare during certain serious disruptions of Member States’ control systems due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (Text with EEA relevance) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1585642710515&uri=CELEX:32020R0466
Training resources for COVID-19
Online training resources for COVID-19
- EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS JOINT ACTION
- Training of the trainers’ course “Preparedness and response to public health events at airports” (EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS 2019);
- Training of the trainers’ course “Preparedness and response to public health events at ports” (EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS 2019);
- Evidence-based best practices on entry/exit screening for infectious diseases in humans (DG SANTE 2019).
The training materials of the training course are available to the EU MS and access can be given by the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS joint action (contact email: info@healthygateways.eu).
All past webinars are listed here https://www.healthygateways.eu/Core-work-packages/Training
To access the available for play-back viewing webinars please apply on the link below by completing the webinar(s) you are interested in: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Contact-Us
- WHO
- ECDC
Q & A
Τhe following questions were made by participants during the webinars conducted by the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS joint action in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Answers are based on guidelines from ECDC and WHO considering the current knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 as of 5 March 2020. Answers were updated to include latest available guidance from ECDC and WHO as of 01 April 2020. For any further information or comment please contact info@healthygateways.eu
Environmental persistence of SARS-CoV-2
The survival time of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been evaluated in recent publications reporting experimental studies that estimated the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 as up to three hours in the air post-aerosolisation, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel, albeit with significantly decreased titres [1]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was identified on a variety of surfaces in cabins of both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 infected passengers, up to 17 days after cabins were vacated on the Diamond Princess, but prior to conducting disinfection procedures [2]. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from respiratory specimens, stool, urine and gastrointestinal mucosa [3-5]. SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected by PCR in rooms where COVID-19 patients were hospitalised, specifically from surfaces of the toilet bowl and sink, and the air exhaust outlets [6]. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 was also detected on different objects such as self-service printers used by patients to print the results of their own exams, desktop keyboards, doorknobs and on gloves [7]. In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was not reported [6]. There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus to date [8].
Interim guidance for environmental cleaning in non-healthcare facilities exposed to SARS-CoV-2 can be found at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/interim-guidance-environmental-cleaning-non-healthcare-facilities-exposed-2019 [9].
Guidance on disinfection of environments in healthcare and non-healthcare settings potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 can be found at:
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/disinfection-environments-covid-19 [7].
Technical recommendations for cleaning and disinfection on ships
The EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS has developed suggested procedures for cleaning and disinfection of ships during the pandemic or when a case of COVID-19 has been identified on board and are available here: https://www.healthygateways.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_qOvPmjVu_E%3d&tabid=97&portalid=0
Technical recommendations for cleaning and disinfection on aircrafts
Following an event of an Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) case on board, the airline should ensure that cleaning and disinfection procedures are followed consistently and correctly using the licenced products suitable for the aircraft at the highest acceptable concentrations [22, 23]. Special attention should be given to the zone of risk in the cabin area (e.g. seats, headrests, table-tops, handsets, and other materials coming in contact with the suspect case) where the case was seated, as well as all shared facilities and high-touched surfaces[11, 23, 24]. According to EASA guidance, after disembarkation of passenger and crew, the cabin doors should be closed and the air conditioning adjusted to the maximum volume to ensure all air exchange is completed[23]. The service staff who will clean and disinfect the aircraft should be specially trained and apply the standard procedures for cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces with infectious agents using the appropriate PPE.
WHO advises the following procedures for cleaning and disinfection in case a public health event has occurred on board [25]:
- Ensure any disinfection is conducted using products licensed for use in the country occupied. The disinfectants must be tested by a certified laboratory according to the specifications of the aircraft manufacturers for material compatibility tests.
- Any contaminated items must be handled appropriately to mitigate the risk of transmission:
- Disposable items (hand towels, gloves, tissues) should be double bagged and sent to incineration or similar final disposal, according to the States Parties guidelines for infectious waste management.
- Reusable items that can be washed and treated/disinfected (gowns or linens) must be tagged and sent to a facility for washing and treatment, as recommended according to infection control procedures, depending on the type of contamination/infectious agent, if known.
Based on recommended disinfectants for aircrafts during the previous 2003 SARS outbreak and for MERS CoV, the recommended disinfectants are products containing ethanol in concentration of 70% or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, provided that these products have been tested by a certified laboratory according to the specifications of the aircraft manufacturers for material compatibility tests. For other products, the label of the manufacturer should mention that the disinfectant is effective against emerging viruses or against coronaviruses or that have sporicidal effect.
Detailed guidance for Aircraft preventive disinfection and for aircraft disinfection after an event can be found at the EASA Interim guidance on Aircraft Cleaning and Disinfection in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics at:
https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/Interim-guidance-on-Aircraft-Cleaning-and-Disinfection.pdf
-------------------
15. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT. Infection prevention and control in the household management of people with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease(COVID-19). 2020, ECDC: Stockholm
-------------------
Affected areas are defined by WHO in the website https://www.who.int/
In the latest travel advice published by WHO on 29 February 2020, the following are defined as affected areas:
“Affected areas” are considered those countries, provinces, territories or cities experiencing ongoing transmission of COVID-19, in contrast to areas reporting only imported cases. As of 27 February 2020, although China, particularly the Province of Hubei, has experienced sustained local transmission and has reported by far the largest number of confirmed cases since the beginning of the outbreak, lately the situation in China showed a significant decrease in cases. At the same time, an increasing number of countries, other than China, have reported cases, including through local transmission of COVID-19. As the epidemic evolves, it will be expected that many areas may detect imported cases and local transmission of COVID-19. WHO is publishing daily situation reports on the evolution of the outbreak (available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/). The outbreaks reported so far have occurred primarily within clusters of cases exposed through close-contacts, within families or special gathering events. COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through droplets from, and close contact with, infected individuals. Control measures that focus on prevention, particularly through regular hand washing and cough hygiene, and on active surveillance for the early detection and isolation of cases, the rapid identification and close monitoring of persons in contact with cases, and the rapid access to clinical care, particularly for severe cases, are effective to contain most outbreaks of COVID-19 [15].
Specimen collection and laboratory testing will be conducted at the health care facility where the suspect case has been transferred.
Please see answer to question 1 above.
Although currently there is no evidence of airborne transmission, a precautionary approach is recommended due to uncertainties surrounding the potential for aerosol-mediated transmission of the virus. Transmission through inhalation of aerosols during aerosol-generating procedures, may have occurred in some cases [17] [7].
Whenever possible, ships isolation rooms with mechanical ventilation should have negative pressure with minimum of 12 air changes per hour, while isolation rooms with natural ventilation, should provide a ventilation rate of at least 160 litres/second [18]. All air handling units on board the ship should be adjusted to supply 100% outside air and no air recirculation should take place.
This will depend on the policy of each country and authority. Exchange of questions, opinion, and experiences could be done between points of entry or through the central level.
This will be judged by the physician and occupational health specialist for the specific persons and workplace.
This could be applied as a precautionary measure.
Scenario 1: A suspect case is detected on board while a ship is in port and as many travellers are on tours, others walking in the city and others are on board.
Answer:
Since according to the scenario the symptomatic person is currently on board, the procedures for managing the symptomatic suspect traveller will start immediately on board. The procedures for identifying the close contacts will start immediately with the persons who are currently on board. The procedures for identifying the close contacts who are currently ashore will start once they are back to the ship. If it is feasible, their return back could be arranged earlier than scheduled. All other steps will be followed according to the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS advice for ship operators: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Novel-coronavirus.
Scenario 2: A suspect case is detected in one of the buses that are transferring passengers to the organized tours (there could be other buses doing the same stops and visiting the same places at the same time of the bus where a suspect case was detected).
Answer:
The suspect case on board the bus should be transferred with an ambulance to the hospital immediately, if this is feasible. Further advice about management of a suspect case on the bus can be found in the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS advice for bus operators: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Novel-coronavirus
The identification and management of close contacts on board the ship will take place according to the procedures described in the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS advice for ship operators: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Novel-coronavirus.
Scenario 3: One of the drivers or guides becomes a suspect case and has performed tours for cruise lines in the past 14 days or is at that moment working with cruise line passengers.
Answer:
The advice for bus operators should be followed in regard to the suspect driver or guide while on the bus. All persons who had been in close contact with the suspect driver or guide the previous 14 days should be informed about their exposure. Close contacts who are still on board should be managed according to the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS advice. All other persons who participated in previous cruises and have disembarked should be managed according to the ECDC advice for management of close contacts: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/public-health-management-persons-including-health-care-workers-having-had-contact
The items 3.4.6 to 3.4.9 of European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Disease Surveillance on Passenger Ships are relevant to receiving food provisions on board cruise ships. In addition, items 3.4.10 through 3.4.21 relate to storage of food. The European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Disease Surveillance on Passenger Ships is available here: http://www.shipsan.eu/Home/EuropeanManual.aspx
There is no special requirement for receiving food due to potential contamination with COVID-19. WHO advises that “It is highly unlikely that people can contract COVID-19 from food or food packaging”. When receiving food, the ship should follow the standard hygiene practises as defined on the HACCP Plan of the ship, as well as follow some general infection control practices. These include reporting of symptoms, frequent hand washing with warm water and soap (the use of gloves does not replace the need for frequent handwashing), physical distancing (by maintain more than 1 meter distance from other crew members, good respiratory hygiene (cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing; dispose of tissues and wash hands), frequent cleaning and disinfection of work surfaces and frequently touched surfaces such as door handles. Food workers should avoid touching their nose, mouth and eyes when wearing gloves and without washing their hands first. Moreover, while working with food, hands should be washed after touching nose, mouth and eyes.
Additional information regarding food safety and COVID-19 is available in the WHO Interim Guidance on COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: interim guidance available here: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/covid-19-and-food-safety-guidance-for-food-businesses
References
1. van Doremalen, N., et al., Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med, 2020.
2. Moriarty, L.F., et al., Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships - Worldwide, February-March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(12): p. 347-352.
3. Ling, Y., et al., Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients. Chin Med J (Engl), 2020.
4. Ren, L.L., et al., Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl), 2020.
5. Holshue, M.L., et al., First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(10): p. 929-936.
6. Ong, S.W.X., et al., Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA, 2020.
7. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT. Disinfection of environments in healthcare and nonhealthcare settings potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. 2020, ECDC: Stockholm
8. World Health Organization. Scientific brief - Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. 29 March 2020 [cited 30/03/20; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations.
9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT - Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV February 2020 2020: Stockholm.
10. Klaus, J., et al., Disinfection of aircraft : Appropriate disinfectants and standard operating procedures for highly infectious diseases. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2016. 59(12): p. 1544-1548.
11. European Aviation Safety Agency. Interim guidance on Aircraft Cleaning and Disinfectionin relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. Issue: 01 –Date: 20/03/2020. 2020 20/03/2020 [cited 27/03/2020; Available from: https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/Interim-guidance-on-Aircraft-Cleaning-and-Disinfection.pdf.
12. World Health Organization, Interim Guidance - Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in suspected human cases. 2020.
13. World Health Organization. Summary of SARS and air travel. 2003 23 May 2003 21/1/2020]; Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/travel/airtravel/en/.
14. World Health Organization, Handbook for the Management of Public Health Events in Air Transport. Updated with information on Ebola virus disease and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. 2015: World Health Organization.
15. World Health Organization. International travel and health Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak 29 February 2020. 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/ith/2019-nCoV_advice_for_international_traffic-rev/en/
16. EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS JOINT ACTION PREPAREDNESS AND ACTION AT POINTS OF ENTRY (PORTS, A., GROUND CROSSINGS),. INTERIM ADVICE FOR PREPAREDNESS AND RES PONSE TO CASES OF COVID-19 AT POINTS OF ENTRY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION(EU)/EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA MEMBER STATES (MS) - Public health measures at points of entry. 2020 20/02/2020; 3rd:[Available from: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Novel-coronavirus.
17. Rothe, C., et al., Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. The New England journal of medicine, 2020: p. 10.1056/NEJMc2001468.
18. World Health Organization. Interim guidance - Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 is suspected. 2020 13 March 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
Disclaimer: This document arises from the EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS Joint Action that was funded by the European Union’s Health Programme (2014-2020).The content of this document represents the views of the authors only and is their sole responsibility; it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) or any other body of the European Union. The European Commission and the Agency do not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.
Guidance for COVID-19 from other sources
Points of Entry
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
IOM
https://dtm.iom.int/reports/dtm-covid-19-global-mobility-restrictions-overview-march-2020-
january-2023
https://dtm.iom.int/reports/iom-covid-19-impact-points-entry-monthly-analysis-1-march- 2022
https://migration.iom.int/reports/iom-covid-19-impact-points-entry-bi-weekly-analysis-23-september-2020
World Health Organisation
- WHO WHO advice for international traffic in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529)
https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/who-advice-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-the-sars-cov-2-omicron-variant
Transport and travellers
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Pilot study outline for targeted genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in travellers in response to a worsening or unknown epidemiological situation in a third country – 13 January 2023.
ECDC: Stockholm; 2023 https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-pilot-study-targeted-genomic-surveillance-sars-cov-2-travellers
US CDC
US travel association
US department of state
World Health Organisation
Maritime
European Maritime Safety Agency
ICS
ILO
ΙΜΟ
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.44 (28 February 2022) Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Joint
IMO/ILO/UNCTAD/WHO statement urging continued collaboration to address the crew
change crisis, safeguard seafarer health and safety, and avoid supply chain disruptions during
the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20
CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.44%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-
19)%20-
%20Joint%20ImoIloUnctadWho%20Statement%20UrgingContinued%20Collaboration.pdf
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.43 (1 November 2021) Coronavirus (COVID-19) – List of global
ports offering vaccinations for seafarers
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20
No.4204-Add.43%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-
%20List%20Of%20Global%20Ports%20Offering%20Vaccinations%20For%20Seafarers%20(Sec
-
Joint Statement on prioritization of COVID-19 vaccination for seafarers and aircrew https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.38%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Joint%20Statement%20Calling%20On%20All%20GovernmentsTo%20Prioritize%20Covid-19...%20(Secretariat).pdf
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.37 (22 December 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID 19) – Third video meeting for Port State Control (PSC) regimes on harmonized actions at the time of pandemic of Covid-19 https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.37%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid%2019)%20-%20Third%20Video%20Meeting%20For%20Port%20State%20Control(Psc)%20Regimes.pdf
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.36/Rev.1 (23 December 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID 19) – ʺNo crew changeʺ clauses in charter parties https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/CL.4204-Add.36%20no%20crew%20change%20clause.pdf
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.35/Rev.1 (23 December 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Designation of seafarers as key workers https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.35%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Designation%20Of%20Seafarers%20As%20Key%20Workers.pdf
-
Circular Letter No.4204/Add.33 (5 November 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Joint Statement IMO-UNWTO to support the safe resumption of cruise ship operations following the COVID-19 pandemic https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.33%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Joint%20Statement%20Imo-Unwto%20To%20Support%20TheSafe%20Resumption%20Of%20Cruise.pdf
-
IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.14/Rev.1 – 5 October 202 Coronavirus (COVID-19) –Recommended Framework of Protocols for ensuring safe ship crew changes and travel during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.14%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Recommended%20Framework%20Of%20Protocols.pdf
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) –Joint Statement IMO-UNWTO to support the safe resumption of cruise ship operations following the COVID-19 pandemic
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.33%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Joint%20Statement%20Imo-Unwto%20To%20Support%20TheSafe%20Resumption%20Of%20Cruise.pdf
- IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.30 (11 September 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Joint Statement calling on all Governments to immediately recognize seafarers as key workers, and to take swift and effective action to eliminate obstacles to crew changes, so as to address the humanitarian crisis faced by the shipping sector, ensure maritime safety and facilitate economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204Add.30%20Joint%20Statement%20Seafarers.pdf
- IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.28 (26 August 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID 19) – WHO guidance to promote public health measures on cargo ships and fishing vessels http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.28.pdf
- IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.24 (13 July 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Outcome of the International Maritime Virtual Summit on Crew Changes organized by the United Kingdom http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Coronavirus.aspx
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.20 (5 June 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Accelerating digitalization of maritime trade and logistics – A call to action http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.20%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid-19)%20-%20Accelerating%20Digitalization%20Of%20Maritime%20Trade.pdf
- IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.18 (26 May 2020) - Joint Statement IMO-ICAO-ILO on designation of seafarers, marine personnel, fishing vessel personnel, offshore energy sector personnel, aviation personnel, air cargo supply chain personnel and service provider personnel at airports and ports as key workers, and on facilitation of crew changes in ports and airports in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.18%20-%20Joint%20Statement%20Imo-Icao-Ilo%20On%20Designation%20Of%20Seafarers.pdf
- IMO Circular Letter No.4204/Add.17 (21 May 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID 19) – Preparing for post COVID-19 operations: considerations and practicalities for port community systems, single window and other electronic exchange platforms http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.17%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid%2019)%20-%20Preparing%20For%20Post%20Covid-19%20OperationsConsiderations.pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.15 (6 May 2020) - Coronavirus (COVID 19) - Personal protective equipment http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/COVID%20CL%204204%20adds/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.15%20-%20Coronavirus%20(Covid%2019)%20-%20Personal%20Protective%20Equipment.pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.6 (27 March 2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Preliminary list of recommendations for Governments and relevant national authorities on the facilitation of maritime trade during the COVID-19 pandemic http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204Add.6%20%20Coronavirus%20Covid-19%20Preliminary%20List%20Of%20Recommendations.pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.5 (17 March 2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19) – Guidance relating to the certification of seafarers http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/CL.4204-Add.5.pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.4 (5 March 2020) contains ICS Coronavirus (COVID-19) Guidance for ship operators for the protection of the health of seafarers http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.4.pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.3 (2 March 2020) - Operational considerations for managing COVID-19 cases/outbreak on board ships.http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Circular%20Letter%20No.4204-Add.2%20-%20Joint%20Statement%20Imo-Who%20On%20The%20Response%20To%20The%20Covid-19%20Outbreak%20(Secretariat).pdf
- Circular Letter No.4204/Add.2 (21 February 2020) contains the Joint Statement IMO-WHO on the Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak and encourages Member States and international organizations to disseminate it as widely as possible. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Joint%20Statement_COVID-19.pdf
ITF
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Health Organisation
Aviation
ACI
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
EASA
Coronavirus ‘SARS-CoV-2’ Infections – Operational Recommendations. https://ad.easa.europa.eu/ad/2020-02R3
IATA
ICAO
IFALPA
IFATCA
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Health Organisation
Ground transport
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
UIC
World Health Organisation
Mass gatherings
World Health Organisation
Surveillance
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
World Health Organisation
Contact tracing
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-mobile-applications-support-contact-tracing
- ECDC Contact tracing for COVID-19: current evidence, options for scale-up and an assessment of resources needed
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/contact-tracing-covid-19-evidence-scale-up-assessment-resources
- ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT - Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-contact-tracing-public-health-management
World Health Organisation
Infection prevention and control – WASH - Non-pharmaceutical measures
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
World Health Organisation
Risk communication
World Health Organisation
Latest on COVID-19
Epidemiology and clinical characteristics
Modes of transmission
Laboratory testing
Peer-reviewed scientific articles on COVID-19 and transportation [1-429]
1. Abdulrahman, A., et al., Quarantining arriving travelers in the era of COVID-19: balancing the risk and benefits a learning experience from Bahrain. Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine & Vaccines, 2021. 7(1): p. 1-1.
2. Bag, S., et al., Effective health screening to prevent infection and control the spreading of COVID-19. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2021. 1797.
3. de Miguel Buckley, R. and M. Díaz-Menéndez, Go to gate: COVID-19 imported cases in Madrid and the potential role of airport transmissions. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 2021.
4. Dube, K., G. Nhamo, and D. Chikodzi, COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2021. 92.
5. Grout, A. and P.A. Leggat, Cabin crew health and fitness-to-fly: Opportunities for re-evaluation amid COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2021. 40: p. 101973-101973.
6. Heller, C., De-confining borders: towards a politics of freedom of movement in the time of the pandemic. Mobilities, 2021.
7. Silich, B.A., A Model for Inhalation of Infectious Aerosol Contaminants in an Aircraft Passenger Cabin. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics and Aerospace, 2021. 8(1): p. 6-6.
8. Chen, L.H. and R. Steffen, SARS-CoV-2 testing to assure safety in air travel. J. travel med, 2021. 28(2).
9. Kleine-Kampmann, S., et al., [Air and maritime transport during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: challenges for the public health service]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt gesundheitsforschung gesundheitsschutz, 2021.
10. Markus, I., et al., COVID-19: cross-border contact tracing in Germany, February to April 2020. Euro surveill, 2021. 26(10).
11. Chokshi, A., et al., Proximity to international airports and early transmission of COVID-19 in the United States-An epidemiological assessment of the geographic distribution of 490,000 cases. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2021. 40: p. 102004-102004.
12. Malagón-Rojas, J.N., M. Mercado, and C.P. Gómez-Rendón, SARs-CoV-2 and work-related transmission: Results of a prospective cohort of airport workers, 2020. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 2021. 18(4): p. 371-380.
13. Blomquist, P.B., et al., Risk of symptomatic COVID-19 due to aircraft transmission: a retrospective cohort study of contact-traced flights during England's containment phase. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2021. 15(3): p. 336-344.
14. Braude, D.L.M.O. and M.S.J.B.M.T.M.O.D.J.S.M.A.D.D. Donnell, Safety of air medical transport of patients with COVID-19 by personnel using routine personal protective equipment. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 2021. 2(2): p. e12389-e12389.
15. Cui, Q., et al., The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on China's transport sectors based on the CGE model coupled with a decomposition analysis approach. Transport Policy, 2021. 103: p. 103-115.
16. Menkir, T.F., et al., Estimating internationally imported cases during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun, 2021. 12(1): p. 311-311.
17. Meng, F., et al., Impact of different control policies for COVID-19 outbreak on the air transportation industry: A comparison between China, the U.S. and Singapore. PLoS One, 2021. 16(3): p. e0248361-e0248361.
18. Levin, M.W., M. Shang, and R. Stern, Effects of short-term travel on COVID-19 spread: A novel SEIR model and case study in Minnesota. PLoS One, 2021. 16(1): p. e0245919-e0245919.
19. Kasper, M.R. and J.R. Geibe, An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier. Reply. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384(10): p. 976-977.
20. Song, S.W., et al., Symptoms and Characteristics Which Require Attention During COVID-19 Screening at a Port of Entry. J Korean Med Sci, 2021. 36(2): p. e14-e14.
21. Choi, J.H., Changes in airport operating procedures and implications for airport strategies post-COVID-19. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2021: p. 102065-102065.
22. Sean, M.K., et al., Aerosol tracer testing in the cabin of wide-bodied Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft to simulate exposure potential of infectious particulate such as SARS-CoV-2. 2021.
23. Spoelder, E.J., et al., Helicopter transport of critical care COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands: protection against COVID-19 exposure-a challenge to critical care retrieval personnel in a novel operation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2021. 29(1): p. 41-41.
24. Swadi, T., et al., Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Predeparture Testing. Emerg Infect Dis, 2021. 27(3): p. 687-693.
25. Talaat, K., et al., Simulation of aerosol transmission on a Boeing 737 airplane with intervention measures for COVID-19 mitigation. Physics of Fluids, 2021. 33(3).
26. Vivek, G., et al., COVID-19 International Border Surveillance Cohort Study at Toronto’s Pearson Airport. 2021.
27. Wang, Z., et al., Inflight Transmission of COVID-19 Based on Experimental Aerosol Dispersion Data. J. travel med, 2021.
28. Wilder-Smith, A., COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine & Vaccines, 2021. 7(1): p. 3-3.
29. Zhang, T., et al., Public health information on COVID-19 for international travellers: lessons learned from a mixed-method evaluation. Public Health, 2021. 193: p. 116-123.
30. Hadei, M., et al., Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of public places and transportation. 2021.
31. Strods, C., A. Berka, and S. Linney, Effective Global Mobility and International Recruitment During A Pandemic. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, 2021: p. 53-67.
32. Schultz, M.S.M., Analytical approach to solve the problem of aircraft passenger boarding during the coronavirus pandemic. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2021: p. 102931-102931.
33. Norizuki, M.H.M.M.A.M.A.M.K.K.M.S.W.A.H.U.T., Effective screening strategies for detection of asymptomatic COVID-19 travelers at airport quarantine stations: Exploratory findings in Japan. Global Health & Medicine, 2021.
34. Lee, H., et al., Risk assessment of importation and local transmissions of COVID-19 in South Korea. 2021.
35. Horstman, R. and H. Rahai, A Risk Assessment of an Airborne Disease inside the Cabin of a Passenger Airplane. SAE Techni. Paper., 2021.
36. Cave, K.M., et al., Aircrew Performance and Safety While Using Protective Masks in Response to Coronavirus Disease. Aerosp Med Hum Perform, 2021. 92(4): p. 274-280.
37. Liptakova, D., J. Kolesar, and M. Keselova, Challenges to the global aerospace industry due to the pandemic epidemy of COVID-19. NTinAD - New Trends in Aviation Development - Int. Scientific Conf., Proc., 2020: p. 155-158.
38. Jenna, K.P., et al., Probability and Estimated Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Air Travel System: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2021.
39. Horinka, I.J. and I.L. Kontrikova, Covid-19 Pandemic Impact on the Aviation Future. NTinAD - New Trends in Aviation Development - Int. Scientific Conf., Proc., 2020: p. 99-104.
40. Freire de Souza, C.D.M.M.F.G.d.S.J.A.B.R.N.B.E.F.d.C.R., Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil. Journal of Transport & Health, 2021. 21: p. 101067-101067.
41. Bernathova, S., et al., Impact of global pandemic COVID-19 on Air Transport in Slovakia in the Period from March to June 2020. NTinAD - New Trends in Aviation Development - Int. Scientific Conf., Proc., 2020: p. 24-27.
42. Memish, Z.A., et al., COVID-19 air travel restrictions and vaccine passports: An ongoing debate. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2021: p. 102049-102049.
43. Salehian, A. and M.H. Sheikholeslami, The Impact of the Aviation Industry on International Security Threats, Case Study of Health Threats (2002–2020). Journal of Applied Security Research, 2021.
44. Zhou, S., et al., Global health governance for travel health: lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in large cruise ships. Glob Health J, 2020. 4(4): p. 133-138.
45. Zhang, S., et al., Estimation of the reproductive number of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: A data-driven analysis. Int J Infect Dis, 2020. 93: p. 201-204.
46. Yoshimura, Y., et al., Clinical characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on a cruise ship. J Infect Chemother, 2020. 26(11): p. 1177-1180.
47. Yazir, D., et al., Effects of COVID-19 on maritime industry: a review. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(4): p. 253-264.
48. Yasri, S. and V. Wiwanitkit, COVID-19, guests and crews of cruise: observation on Thai citizens. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(1): p. 9.
49. Yang, W., et al., [Retrospective analysis of the on-site treatment of the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic on the Costa Crociere cruise]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2020. 32(6): p. 750-753.
50. Yamamoto, K., et al., Underperformance of Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction in Japan and Potential Implications From Diamond Princess Cruise Ship and Other Countries During the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Health Policy Manag, 2020.
51. Yamahata, Y. and A. Shibata, Preparation for the Quarantine of The Diamond Princess Cruise Ship for COVID-19 in Japan: Study Design. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2020.
52. Yamagishi, T., et al., Environmental Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During a COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. J Infect Dis, 2020. 222(7): p. 1098-1102.
53. Yamagishi, T., et al., Descriptive study of COVID-19 outbreak among passengers and crew on Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama Port, Japan, 20 January to 9 February 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(23).
54. Yamagishi, T. and Y. Doi, Insights on COVID-19 epidemiology from a historic cruise ship quarantine. Clin. infect. dis, 2020.
55. Xu, L., et al., Lessons and suggestions to travelers and cruise ships in the fight against COVID-19. QJM, 2020.
56. Xu, J.W., et al., Deep thought of COVID-19 based on Diamond Princess's quarantine and home quarantine. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020. 24(7): p. 4027-4029.
57. Visser, J.T., Patterns of illness and injury on Antarctic research cruises, 2004-2019: a descriptive analysis. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(6).
58. Tsuboi, M., et al., Epidemiology and quarantine measures during COVID-19 outbreak on the cruise ship Diamond Princess docked at Yokohama, Japan in 2020: a descriptive analysis. Global Health & Medicine, 2020: p. 2020.01037-2020.01037.
59. Tokuda, Y., et al., COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship in February 2020. J Gen Fam Med, 2020. 21(4): p. 95-97.
60. Takeuchi, I., COVID-19 first stage in Japan - how we treat 'Diamond Princess Cruise Ship' with 3700 passengers? Acute Med Surg, 2020. 7(1): p. e506.
61. Takahashi, N., et al., Clinical course of a critically ill patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Artif Organs, 2020. 23(4): p. 397-400.
62. Tabata, S., et al., Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in 104 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020. 20(9): p. 1043-1050.
63. Stannard, S., COVID-19 in the maritime setting: the challenges, regulations and the international response. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(2): p. 85-90.
64. Speake, H., et al., Flight-Associated Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Corroborated by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(12).
65. Sossai, P., et al., Coronavirus variant COVID-19 pandemic: a report to seafarers. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(3): p. 191-194.
66. Sloane, P.D., Cruise Ships, Nursing Homes, and Prisons as COVID-19 Epicenters: A "Wicked Problem" With Breakthrough Solutions? J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020. 21(7): p. 958-961.
67. Slišković, A., Seafarers' well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Work, 2020. 67(4): p. 799-809.
68. Sikorska, K., Coronavirus Disease 2019 as a challenge for maritime medicine. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(1): p. 4.
69. Sekizuka, T., et al., SARS-CoV-2 Genome Analysis of Japanese Travelers in Nile River Cruise. Front Microbiol, 2020. 11: p. 1316.
70. Sekizuka, T., et al., Haplotype networks of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the Diamond Princess cruise ship outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020. 117(33): p. 20198-20201.
71. Seemann, T., et al., Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using genomics. Nat Commun, 2020. 11(1): p. 4376.
72. Sando, E., et al., COVID-19 outbreak on the Costa Atlantica cruise ship: use of a remote health monitoring system. J Travel Med, 2020.
73. Salducci, M. and G. La Torre, COVID-19 emergency in the cruise's ship: a case report of conjunctivitis. Clin Ter, 2020. 171(3): p. e189-e191.
74. Sagaro, G.G., et al., Telemedical assistance at sea in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(4): p. 229-236.
75. Russell, T.W., et al., Estimating the infection and case fatality ratio for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) using age-adjusted data from the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, February 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(12).
76. Roques, L., et al., Using Early Data to Estimate the Actual Infection Fatality Ratio from COVID-19 in France. Biology (Basel), 2020. 9(5).
77. Rocklov, J., H. Sjodin, and A. Wilder-Smith, COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(3).
78. Radic, A., et al., Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020. 17(18).
79. Qin, J., et al., How many COVID-19 PCR positive individuals do we expect to see on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? medRxiv, 2020.
80. Pougnet, R., et al., COVID-19 on cruise ships: preventive quarantine or abandonment of patients? Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(2): p. 147-148.
81. Plucinski, M.M., et al., COVID-19 in Americans aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship. Clin Infect Dis, 2020.
82. Palafox, N.A., et al., Viewpoint: Pacific Voyages - Ships - Pacific Communities: A Framework for COVID-19 Prevention and Control. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf, 2020. 79(6 Suppl 2): p. 120-123.
83. Ooi, E.E. and J.G. Low, Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020. 20(9): p. 996-998.
84. Nishiura, H., Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess. J Clin Med, 2020. 9(3).
85. Nguyen, C., et al., Critical COVID-19 patient evacuation on an amphibious assault ship: feasibility and safety. A case series. BMJ Mil Health, 2020.
86. Nakazawa, E., H. Ino, and A. Akabayashi, Chronology of COVID-19 cases on the Diamond Princess cruise ship and ethical considerations: a report from Japan. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020: p. 1-27.
87. Mouchtouri, V.A., et al., Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, air-conditioner and ventilation systems. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2020. 230: p. 113599.
88. Mizumoto, K., et al., Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(10).
89. Mizumoto, K. and G. Chowell, Transmission potential of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) onboard the Diamond Princess Cruises Ship, 2020. Infect Dis Model, 2020. 5: p. 264-270.
90. Miyamae, Y., et al., Duration of viral shedding in asymptomatic or mild cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a cruise ship: A single-hospital experience in Tokyo, Japan. Int J Infect Dis, 2020. 97: p. 293-295.
91. Meyer, C.D., et al., Airway Management of COVID-19 Positive Patients Aboard USNS COMFORT Mission to New York City. J Craniofac Surg, 2020. 31(6): p. e660-e661.
92. Matsumura, K., et al., Comparison of the Clinical Course of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in 2 Passengers from the Cruise Ship Diamond Princess in February 2020. Am J Case Rep, 2020. 21: p. e926835-e926835.
93. Malone, J.D., USS Theodore Roosevelt, COVID-19, and Ships: Lessons Learned. JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3(10): p. e2022095.
94. Mallapaty, S., What the cruise-ship outbreaks reveal about COVID-19. Nature, 2020. 580(7801): p. 18.
95. Liu, F., X. Li, and G. Zhu, Using the contact network model and Metropolis-Hastings sampling to reconstruct the COVID-19 spread on the "Diamond Princess". Sci Bull (Beijing), 2020. 65(15): p. 1297-1305.
96. Linden, E., Pandemics and environmental shocks: What aviation managers should learn from COVID-19 for long-term planning. J Air Transp Manag, 2021. 90: p. 101944.
97. Leung, W.S., et al., Presumed COVID-19 index case on diamond princess cruise ship and evacuees to Hong Kong. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(5).
98. Kondo, H., et al., Japan DMAT operations in the Diamond Princess cruise ship: COVID-19 medical operation. Am J Disaster Med, 2020. 15(3): p. 207-218.
99. Kato, H., et al., Clinical course of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in individuals present during the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. J Infect Chemother, 2020. 26(8): p. 865-869.
100. Kasper, M.R., et al., An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(25): p. 2417-2426.
101. Kakimoto, K., et al., Initial Investigation of Transmission of COVID-19 Among Crew Members During Quarantine of a Cruise Ship - Yokohama, Japan, February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(11): p. 312-313.
102. Jorden, M.A., et al., Evidence for Limited Early Spread of COVID-19 Within the United States, January-February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(22): p. 680-684.
103. Jimi, H. and G. Hashimoto, Challenges of COVID-19 outbreak on the cruise ship Diamond Princess docked at Yokohama, Japan: a real-world story. Global Health & Medicine, 2020: p. 2020.01038-2020.01038.
104. Jenness, S.M., et al., Modeling Dynamic Network Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Control on a Cruise Ship. medRxiv, 2020.
105. Inui, S., et al., Erratum: Chest CT Findings in Cases from the Cruise Ship "Diamond Princess" with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging, 2020. 2(2): p. e204002.
106. Ing, A.J., C. Cocks, and J.P. Green, COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton. Thorax, 2020. 75(8): p. 693-694.
107. Hoshiyama, T., et al., Clinical and Microbiological Features of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mild COVID-19 in Seven Crewmembers of a Cruise Ship. Intern Med, 2020. 59(24): p. 3135-3140.
108. Hoffmann Pham, K.E. and M. Luengo-Oroz, From plague to coronavirus: vessel trajectory data from ship automatic identification systems for epidemic modeling. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(6).
109. Hebbar, A.A. and N. Mukesh, COVID-19 and seafarers' rights to shore leave, repatriation and medical assistance: a pilot study. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(4): p. 217-228.
110. Hall, S., Coronavirus shutdown forces research ship to break out of Arctic ice. Nature, 2020.
111. Gupta, A., et al., A comparative analysis of control measures on-board ship against COVID-19 and similar novel viral respiratory disease outbreak: Quarantine ship or disembark suspects? Med J Armed Forces India, 2020.
112. Geng, J., et al., A Silent Infection Pandemic of COVID-19: Epidemiological Investigation and Hypothetical Models. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 2020. 2020: p. 5120253.
113. Fernandes, E.G., J.D.S. Santos, and H.K. Sato, Outbreak investigation in cargo ship in times of COVID-19 crisis, Port of Santos, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica, 2020. 54: p. 34.
114. Farooqi, F.I., et al., Airway Hygiene in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Treatment Responses of 3 Critically Ill Cruise Ship Employees. Am J Case Rep, 2020. 21: p. e926596.
115. Draper, A.D., et al., The first 2 months of COVID-19 contact tracing in the Northern Territory of Australia, March-April 2020. Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
116. Depellegrin, D., et al., The effects of COVID-19 induced lockdown measures on maritime settings of a coastal region. Sci Total Environ, 2020. 740: p. 140123.
117. Daniells, J.K., H.L. MacCallum, and D.N. Durrheim, Asymptomatic COVID-19 or are we missing something? Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
118. Dai, Q., et al., Reflection on SARS-CoV-2 infection of container ship seafarers. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 36: p. 101787.
119. Dahl, E., Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak on the cruise ship Diamond Princess. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(1): p. 5-8.
120. Cremonesi, P., et al., Transformation of a Ferry Ship into a Ship Hospital for COVID-19 Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(23).
121. Correia, G., et al., Airborne route and bad use of ventilation systems as non-negligible factors in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Med Hypotheses, 2020. 141: p. 109781-109781.
122. Chatterjee, P., et al., The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence. Indian J Med Res, 2020. 151(2 & 3): p. 147-159.
123. Brewster, R.K., A. Sundermann, and C. Boles, Lessons learned for COVID-19 in the cruise ship industry. Toxicol Ind Health, 2020. 36(9): p. 728-735.
124. Billah, M.A., M.M. Miah, and M.N. Khan, Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence. PLoS One, 2020. 15(11): p. e0242128.
125. Batista, B., et al., Minimizing disease spread on a quarantined cruise ship: A model of COVID-19 with asymptomatic infections. Math Biosci, 2020. 329: p. 108442-108442.
126. Awoniyi, O., The Petri-Dish Effect. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020. 14(3): p. e1-e2.
127. Arashiro, T., et al., SARS-CoV-2 and Legionella Co-infection in a Person Returning from a Nile Cruise. J Travel Med, 2020.
128. Anan, H., et al., Medical Transport for 769 COVID-19 Patients on a Cruise Ship by Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020: p. 1-4.
129. Alvarado, G.R., et al., Symptom Characterization and Outcomes of Sailors in Isolation After a COVID-19 Outbreak on a US Aircraft Carrier. JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3(10): p. e2020981.
130. Althouse, B.M., et al., Superspreading events in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: Opportunities for interventions and control. PLoS Biol, 2020. 18(11): p. e3000897.
131. Ahmed, W., et al., Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in commercial passenger aircraft and cruise ship wastewater: a surveillance tool for assessing the presence of COVID-19 infected travellers. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(5).
132. Addetia, A., et al., Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate with Protection from SARS-CoV-2 in Humans during a Fishery Vessel Outbreak with a High Attack Rate. J Clin Microbiol, 2020. 58(11).
133. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Outbreak on Cruise Ship Quarantined at Yokohama, Japan, February 2020. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(11): p. 2591-2597.
134. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 19 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 21 June 2020). Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
135. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 18 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 7 June 2020). Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
136. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 17 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 24 May 2020). Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
137. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 16 (Reporting week to 23:59 AEST 17 May 2020). Commun Dis Intell (2018), 2020. 44.
138. 姚文真, 黃.陳.蔡.羅.林., The Screening Measures of Large Passenger Transports During the Outbreak of COVID-19-an Example from the Cruise Ship Superstar Aquarius. 醫學與健康期刊, 2020. 9(2): p. 113-123.
139. Zhao, S.C.P.G.D.Z.Z.C.M.K.C. and Y.R.J.W.K.Y.L.H.D.W.M.H. Cai, Epidemic Growth and Reproduction Number for the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Shifrom January 20 to February 19, 2020: A Preliminary Data-Driven Analysis. 2020.
140. Zhang, X. and C. Wang, Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Pandemic on International Cruise Ships: The Legal Controversies. Healthcare (Basel), 2021. 9(3).
141. Zhang, J., et al., COVID-19 Reverse Prediction and Assessment on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. Frontiers in Physics, 2020. 8.
142. Yuan, Z.W.Z.-j.S.C.-y., Discussion on the risk of outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia on marine cruise ships. 2020.
143. Yamagishi, T., et al., Corrigendum to: Environmental Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During a COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. J Infect Dis, 2021. 223(3): p. 540.
144. Yamagishi, T., et al., Corrigendum to: Environmental Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During a COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. 2020.
145. Xianding, D., et al., A Genomic Survey of SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Multiple Introductions into Northern California without a Predominant Lineage. 2020.
146. Worlton, T., et al., USNS COMFORT (T-AH 20) Surgical Services Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. Ann Surg, 2020. 272(4): p. e269-e271.
147. Wikipedia. COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships. 2021; Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships.
148. Wada, T., et al., Three Novel COVID-19 Pneumonia Cases Successfully Treated With Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Front Med (Lausanne), 2020. 7: p. 241-241.
149. Vollmer, R., Understanding the Dynamics of COVID-19. Am J Clin Pathol, 2020. 153(6): p. 850-851.
150. Vicente, D., et al., U.S. Navy's Response to a Shipboard Coronavirus Outbreak: Considerations for a Medical Management Plan at Sea. Mil Med, 2021. 186(1-2): p. 23-26.
151. Urbanyi-Popiolek, I., MARITIME TOURISM IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION – CHALLENGES FOR FERRY AND CRUISE OPERATORS. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 2020: p. 397-405.
152. Toyoaki Sawano, M.D.A.O.M.D.A.J.R.-M.M.D.H.T.T.M.D.R.S.M.D., Limiting spread of COVID-19 from cruise ships - lessons to be learnt from Japan QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2020.
153. Tovar, B., R. Espino, and F. López-del-Pino, Residents' perceptions and attitudes towards the cruise tourism impact in gran Canaria. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 2020.
154. Timothy, W.R., et al., Estimating the infection and case fatality ratio for COVID-19 using age-adjusted data from the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. 2020.
155. Takaya, S., [What I Learned Through the Cruise Ship Response (Special Feature: Etcetera on the Corona) -- (Looking Back on the First Wave of the Corona)]. The Journal of Therapy, 2020. 102(11): p. 1328-1331.
156. Takahashi, S., et al., An Experience of the Ibaraki Disaster Psychiatric Assistance Team on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship: Mental Health Issues Induced by COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020: p. 1-2.
157. Syriopoulos, T., M. Tsatsaronis, and M. Gorila, The global cruise industry: Financial performance evaluation. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2020: p. 100558-100558.
158. Soma, H., et al., [Clinical Course of 11 Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Occurred in A Large Cruise Ship�E�Factors Associated with Severity and Prolonged Hospitalization]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 2020. 94(4): p. 500-506.
159. Shona, C.M., et al., Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19. 2020.
160. Shobayashi, T., [XVII. Control of outbreak in the cruise ship Diamond Princess]. The Journal of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine, 2020. 109(11): p. 2339-2342.
161. Sawano, T., et al., Limiting spread of COVID-19 from cruise ships: lessons to be learnt from Japan. QJM, 2020. 113(5): p. 309-310.
162. Sano, M., et al., Four Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transferred from a Cruise Ship. Intern Med, 2021. 60(3): p. 479-485.
163. Sando, E., et al., COVID-19 outbreak on the Costa Atlantica cruise ship: use of a remote health monitoring system. J Travel Med, 2021. 28(2).
164. Sakiko, T., et al., Non-severe vs severe symptomatic COVID-19: 104 cases from the outbreak on the cruise ship "Diamond Princess"; in Japan. 2020.
165. Sahu, A. and W.M. Naqvi, Floating countries and corona pandemic: Impact of covid-19 on stranded cruise ships. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2020. Special Issue 1(11): p. 219-223.
166. Rieke, B., COVID-19-Outbreak on Board of a Cruise Ship The "little Sister" of the Diamond Princess. Flugmedizin Tropenmedizin Reisemedizin, 2020. 27(04): p. 158-158.
167. Renaud, L., Reconsidering global mobility–distancing from mass cruise tourism in the aftermath of COVID-19. Tour. Geogr., 2020.
168. Reddy, A.J., et al., Operationalizing COVID-19 testing: Who, what, when, where, why, and how. Clevel. clin. j. med, 2020.
169. Rahman, S.M.M., J. Kim, and B. Laratte, Disruption in Circularity? Impact analysis of COVID-19 on ship recycling using Weibull tonnage estimation and scenario analysis method. Resour Conserv Recycl, 2021. 164: p. 105139.
170. Radic, A.L.M.A.-A.A.C.B.-L.S.S.R.A.K.J.J.H.H., To Dine, or Not to Dine on a Cruise Ship in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Tripartite Approach towards an Understanding of Behavioral Intentions among Female Passengers. Sustainability, 2021. 13(5): p. 2516-2516.
171. Radic, A.L.M.A.-A.A.C.B.-L.S.S.H.H., Cruise ship dining experiencescape: The perspective of female cruise travelers in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2021. 95: p. 102923-102923.
172. Radic, A., et al., Apocalypse Now or Overreaction to Coronavirus: The Global Cruise Tourism Industry Crisis. Sustainability, 2020. 12(17).
173. Quigley, A.L., et al., Cruise ship travel and the spread of COVID-19 - Australia as a case study. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 2021. 9(1): p. 10-18.
174. Protection, C.-E.R.K.P., C.C.f.D.C. Disinfection Technology Team, and Prevention, [Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during COVID-19 outbreak]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2020. 54(4): p. 359-361.
175. Preskorn, S.H., COVID-19: Why Has the Mortality Rate Declined? J Psychiatr Pract, 2020. 26(5): p. 394-399.
176. Pengcheng, X., et al., Transmission routes of Covid-19 virus in the Diamond Princess Cruise ship. 2020.
177. Parham, A., et al., Mechanistic Transmission Modeling of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Demonstrates the Importance of Aerosol Transmission. 2020.
178. Pan, T.S.F.K.-L.M.B.E., Perceptions of cruise travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: Market recovery strategies for cruise businesses in North America. Tourism Management, 2021. 85: p. 104275-104275.
179. Pan American Health, O., Epidemiological Update: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) (28 February 2020). 2020.
180. Pallis, A.A. and A.A. Papachristou, European Cruise ports: challenges since the pre-pandemic era. Transport Reviews, 2020.
181. Orouba, A. and T. Peter, Air recirculation role in the infection with COVID-19, lessons learned from Diamond Princess cruise ship. 2020.
182. Oda, M.S.T.N.A.M.S.S.S.S.T.N.H.S.T.K.D.K.T.K.M.M.K.T.H.E.H.K.H.M., Two Cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia:One Case from the Cruise ship, Diamond Princess , and the Other, A Case of Community Transmission. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 2020. 94(4): p. 528-534.
183. Normile, D., Scientist decries ‘completely chaotic’ conditions on cruise ship Japan quarantined after viral outbreak. 2020.
184. Norihito, K., et al., Evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients in outbreak on a cruise ship. 2021.
185. Naik, A.Q., T. Zafar, and V.K. Shrivastava, The Perspective of Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Possible Treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2021. 21(2): p. 78-85.
186. Mouchtouri, V.A., M. Dirksen-Fischer, and C. Hadjichristodoulou, Health measures to travellers and cruise ships in response to COVID-19. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(3).
187. Moriarty, L.F., et al., Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships - Worldwide, February-March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(12): p. 347-352.
188. Morawska, L., et al., How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int, 2020. 142: p. 105832-105832.
189. Mittal, M., et al., Cloud-based framework to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on seafarers' mental health. Int Marit Health, 2020. 71(3): p. 213-214.
190. Medley, A.M., et al., Use of US Public Health Travel Restrictions during COVID-19 Outbreak on Diamond Princess Ship, Japan, February-April 2020. Emerg. infect. dis, 2021. 27(3).
191. Masakazu, A., The effect of BCG vaccination on COVID-19 examined by a statistical approach: no positive results from the Diamond Princess and cross-national differences previously reported by world-wide comparisons are flawed in several ways. 2020.
192. MacIntyre, C.R., On a knife's edge of a COVID-19 pandemic: is containment still possible? Public Health Res Pract, 2020. 30(1).
193. Lu, Y.Z.Q., Twitter public sentiment dynamics on cruise tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-7.
194. Liu, X. and Y.-C. Chang, An emergency responding mechanism for cruise epidemic prevention-taking COVID-19 as an example. Mar Policy, 2020. 119: p. 104093-104093.
195. Liu, S., et al., On the effect of biofouling on the minimum propulsion power of ships for safe navigation in realistic conditions. Biofouling, 2021. 37(2): p. 194-205.
196. Li-Shan, H., et al., Taking Account of Asymptomatic Infections in Modeling the Transmission Potential of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. 2020.
197. Lin, Y.-C., et al., Quarantine measures for coronavirus disease 2019 on a cruise ship, Taiwan, February 2020. Int J Infect Dis, 2020. 99: p. 298-300.
198. Li, X., C. Wang, and C. Ducruet, Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard. Sustainability, 2020. 12(19): p. 7893-7893.
199. Lai, C.C., et al., The Bayesian Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model for the outbreak of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 2021: p. 1-15.
200. Kuraishi, H., [Experience in DMAT activities on cruise ships]. Internal Medicine, 2021. 127(1): p. 103-107.
201. Knight, D.W., et al., Impact of COVID-19: research note on tourism and hospitality sectors in the epicenter of Wuhan and Hubei Province, China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020.
202. Kizielewicz, J., COVID-19 Consequences and Travel Insurance Policy in Leading Cruise Shipping Corporations. European Research Studies, 2020. 23(4): p. 600-611.
203. Karatzas, B.M., COVID-19 and the Maritime Industry. The Journal of Equipment Lease Financing (Online), 2020. 38(3): p. 1-10.
204. Kang, T. and J. Ryu, Determination of aircraft cruise altitude with minimum fuel consumption and time-to-climb: An approach with terminal residual analysis. Mathematics, 2021. 9(2): p. 1-23.
205. Jon, C.E., et al., The contribution of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections to transmission - a model-based analysis of the Diamond Princess outbreak. 2020.
206. Ito, H., S. Hanaoka, and T. Kawasaki, The cruise industry and the COVID-19 outbreak. Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect., 2020(5).
207. Ishikawa, K.M.T.S.-S.M.U.Y.M.N., Four Case Reports of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Two Wuhan-resident Chinese and Two Cruise Ship Passengers Admitted to Our Hospital. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 2020. 94(4): p. 520-527.
208. Irving Yi‐Feng, H., Fighting COVID‐19 through Government Initiatives and Collaborative Governance: The Taiwan Experience. Public Administration Review, 2020. 80(4): p. 665-670.
209. Inui, S., et al., Chest CT Findings in Cases from the Cruise Ship Diamond Princess with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging, 2020. 2(2): p. e200110-e200110.
210. Ide, K., et al., The psychological effects of COVID-19 on hospital workers at the beginning of the outbreak with a large disease cluster on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. PLoS One, 2021. 16(1): p. e0245294-e0245294.
211. Hung, I.F.-N., et al., SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversion among passengers quarantined after disembarking a cruise ship: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020. 20(9): p. 1051-1060.
212. Huang, L.-S., et al., Taking account of asymptomatic infections: A modeling study of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. PLoS One, 2021. 16(3): p. e0248273-e0248273.
213. Hoshino, K., et al., Transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 on the Diamond Princess uncovered using viral genome sequence analysis. Gene, 2021. 779: p. 145496-145496.
214. Hirotsu, Y., et al., Environmental cleaning is effective for the eradication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in contaminated hospital rooms: A patient from the Diamond Princess cruise ship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2020. 41(9): p. 1105-1106.
215. Gutsulyak, V., Legal regulation of merchant ships entering foreign ports in conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. State and Law, 2020(7): p. 100-110.
216. Graham, F., D. Castelvecchi, and S. Mallapaty, Daily briefing: Cruise ship coronavirus outbreak gave scientists 'an ideal experiment'. Nature, 2020.
217. Gerardo, C., et al., Harnessing testing strategies and public health measures to avert COVID-19 outbreaks during ocean cruises. 2021.
218. Geerts, M.D.M., An analysis of the CSR portfolio of cruise shipping lines. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2020: p. 100615-100615.
219. Gandhi, M., C. Beyrer, and E. Goosby, Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer. J Gen Intern Med, 2020. 35(10): p. 3063-3066.
220. Frame, B. and A.D. Hemmings, Coronavirus at the End of the World: Antarctica Matters. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2020: p. 100054-100054.
221. Emery, J.C., et al., The contribution of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections to transmission on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. Elife, 2020. 9.
222. Ebrahim, S.H. and Z.A. Memish, COVID-19 - the role of mass gatherings. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 34: p. 101617.
223. E. U. Healthy Gateways and J.H.G. Chair persons: Varvara Mouchtouri - Greece, 4.A. Round table: Points of entry in light of the COVID-19 outbreak – a European perspective. European Journal of Public Health, 2020. 30(Supplement_5).
224. Dunn, G.P. and B. Bernstein, Serving on the Navy's Hospital Ships During the Response to COVID-19: Perspective from Two Deployed Missouri Physicians. Mo Med, 2021. 118(2): p. 110-112.
225. Doumbia-Henry, C., Shipping and COVID-19: protecting seafarers as frontline workers. WMU J. Marit. Aff., 2020.
226. Čurović, L., et al., Impact of COVID-19 on environmental noise emitted from the port. Sci Total Environ, 2021. 756: p. 144147.
227. Costa, I.P.A., et al., Choosing a hospital assistance ship to fight the covid-19 pandemic. Rev Saude Publica, 2020. 54: p. 79.
228. Christopher, T.L. and C.H. Matthew, Age-dependence of mortality from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in highly exposed populations: New York transit workers and residents and Diamond Princess passengers. 2020.
229. Chow, W.K. and C.L. Chow, A proposed two-stage quarantine containment scheme against spreading of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Indoor and Built Environment, 2020: p. 1420326X20962154-1420326X20962154.
230. Choquet, A. and A. Sam-Lefebvre, Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states? Ann Tour Res, 2021. 86: p. 103066.
231. Chirag, M., et al., Total COVID-19 Mortality in Italy: Excess Mortality and Age Dependence through Time-Series Analysis. 2020.
232. Chen, L., et al., Estimation of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission probability in confined traffic space and evaluation of the mitigation strategies. 2021.
233. Chen, C.-M., et al., Containing COVID-19 Among 627,386 Persons in Contact With the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Who Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics. J Med Internet Res, 2020. 22(5): p. e19540-e19540.
234. Chao-Chih, L., et al., Bayesian approach for modelling the dynamic of COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. 2020.
235. Chanchpara, A., et al., New normal baseline data during nationwide lock down due to Covid 19 pandemic in the world's largest ship recycling yard at Alang, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021: p. 1-13.
236. Centers for Disease, C., Prevention, and en, Public Health Guidance for Potential COVID-19 Exposure Associated with Travel. 2021.
237. Centers for Disease, C. and Prevention, Travelers Returning from Cruise Ship and River Cruise Voyages. 2020.
238. Centers for Disease, C. and Prevention, CDC’s role in helping cruise ship travelers during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020.
239. Centers for Disease, C. and Prevention, HAN: Information and Guidance about Global Travel on Cruise Ships, Including River Cruises, due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). CDC Health Alert Network, 2020.
240. Bylicki, O., N. Paleiron, and F. Janvier, An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384(10): p. 976.
241. Burns, J., et al., Travel-related control measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020. 10: p. CD013717-CD013717.
242. Browne, A., et al., The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: a systematic review. J Travel Med, 2016. 23(1).
243. Bird, G., What Is Quarantine: Cruise Ships, Lepers and the Temptation of Christ. Topia, 2020. 41: p. 50-50.
244. Bigornia, V.E., U.S. Navy Aircraft Carrier Prevents Outbreak at Sea in Midst of COVID-19. Mil Med, 2021.
245. Berglund, J., Tracking COVID-19: There's an App for That. IEEE Pulse, 2020. 11(4): p. 14-17.
246. Beran, R.G., The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Australia – history and potential lessons. Medicine and Law, 2020. 39(2): p. 97-112.
247. Battineni, G., et al., Assessment of Awareness and Knowledge on Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic among Seafarers. Healthcare (Basel), 2021. 9(2).
248. Battineni, G., et al., COVID-19 vaccine on board ships: current and future implications of seafarers. Int Marit Health, 2021. 72(1): p. 76-77.
249. Barbosa, A., et al., Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Antarctic wildlife. Sci Total Environ, 2021. 755(Pt 2): p. 143352.
250. Bailie, C.R., et al., Symptoms and laboratory manifestations of mild COVID-19 in a repatriated cruise ship cohort. Epidemiol Infect, 2021. 149: p. e44-e44.
251. Baek, Y.J., et al., A mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission in a tertiary hospital and assessment of the effects of different intervention strategies. PLoS One, 2020. 15(10): p. e0241169-e0241169.
252. Azimi, P., et al., Mechanistic transmission modeling of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess cruise ship demonstrates the importance of aerosol transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 2021. 118(8).
253. Ashton, J., A rising tide sinks all ships. J R Soc Med, 2020. 113(8): p. 320-321.
254. Arashiro, T., K. Furukawa, and A. Nakamura, COVID-19 in 2 Persons with Mild Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms on a Cruise Ship, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(6): p. 1345-1348.
255. Alpers, K., S. Haller, and U. Buchholz, [Field investigations of SARS-CoV-2-outbreaks in Germany by the Robert Koch Institute, February-October 2020]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2021: p. 1-8.
256. Almilaji, O., Air recirculation role in the spread of covid-19 onboard the diamond princess cruise ship during a quarantine period. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2021. 21(4).
257. Ahmadi, K., M.F. Dashti, and M.S. Delgosha, Geographical distribution of COVID-19 in the World and Iran; Investigation of possible transmission roots. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2020. 9(8): p. 4473-4475.
258. Adachi, T., et al., Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Findings from Autopsy of Patient with COVID-19, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(9).
259. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 15 (Reporting week to 23:59 AEST 10 May 2020). 2020. 44.
260. Moreno, T., et al., Tracing surface and airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA inside public buses and subway trains. Environ Int, 2020. 147: p. 106326.
261. Kiang, M.V., et al., Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for airline travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: a simulation analysis. medRxiv, 2020.
262. Russell, T.W., et al., Effect of internationally imported cases on internal spread of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Public Health, 2021. 6(1): p. e12-e20.
263. Picchiotti, N., et al., COVID-19 pandemic: a mobility-dependent SEIR model with undetected cases in Italy, Europe, and US. Epidemiol Prev, 2020. 44(5-6 Suppl 2): p. 136-143.
264. Li, Y., et al., The effect of travel restrictions of Wuhan city against the COVID-19: A modified SEIR model analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2021: p. 1-29.
265. Wen, J. and Z. Su, Public health lessons from crisis-related travel: The COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Public Health, 2020. 14(1): p. 158-159.
266. Marei, R.M., et al., Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Early Travel-Associated COVID-19 Cases. Front Public Health, 2020. 8: p. 573925.
267. Tiwari, A., et al., Pandemic risk of COVID-19 outbreak in the United States: An analysis of network connectedness with air travel data. Int J Infect Dis, 2020. 103: p. 97-101.
268. Cuschieri, S., et al., Dealing with COVID-19 in small European island states: Cyprus, Iceland and Malta. Early Hum Dev, 2020: p. 105261.
269. Grobusch, M.P., F. Schaumburg, and A. de Frey, Air travel and COVID-19 prevention: Fasten your seat belts, turbulence ahead. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 38: p. 101927.
270. Wilson, D., et al., The effectiveness of a 17-week lifestyle intervention on health behaviors among airline pilots during COVID-19. J Sport Health Sci, 2020.
271. Pereira, D.D.S. and J. Soares de Mello, Efficiency evaluation of Brazilian airlines operations considering the Covid-19 outbreak. J Air Transp Manag, 2021. 91: p. 101976.
272. Sekizuka, T., et al., COVID-19 Genome Surveillance at International Airport Quarantine Stations in Japan. J Travel Med, 2020.
273. David, P. and Y. Shoenfeld, The Smell in COVID-19 Infection: Diagnostic Opportunities. Isr Med Assoc J, 2020. 22(7): p. 401-403.
274. Migisha, R., et al., Early cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Uganda: epidemiology and lessons learned from risk-based testing approaches - March-April 2020. Global Health, 2020. 16(1): p. 114.
275. Schwabe, D., et al., Long-Distance Aeromedical Transport of Patients with COVID-19 in Fixed-Wing Air Ambulance Using a Portable Isolation Unit: Opportunities, Limitations and Mitigation Strategies. Open Access Emerg Med, 2020. 12: p. 411-419.
276. Pan, J., et al., Risk assessment and evaluation of China's policy to prevent COVID-19 cases imported by plane. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020. 14(12): p. e0008908.
277. Malagón-Rojas, J., B.E. Parra, and M. Mercado, Infection and Risk Perception of SARS-CoV-2 among Airport Workers: A Mixed Methods Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(23).
278. Bielecki, M., et al., Reprint of: Air travel and COVID-19 prevention in the pandemic and peri-pandemic period: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 38: p. 101939.
279. Gaskin, D.J., H. Zare, and B. Delarmente, Geographic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths: The Role of Transportation. Transp Policy (Oxf), 2020.
280. Xiao, R., et al., How does China keep COVID-19 outside its boarder? First-hand experience of medical staff at an international airport in China. J Travel Med, 2020.
281. Sotomayor-Castillo, C., et al., Air travel in a COVID-19 world: Commercial airline passengers' health concerns and attitudes towards infection prevention and disease control measures. Infect Dis Health, 2020.
282. Shaimoldina, A. and Y.Q. Xie, Challenges of SARS-CoV-2 prevention in flights, suggested solutions with potential on-site diagnosis resembling cancer biomarkers and urgency of travel medicine. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020. 24(23): p. 12589-12592.
283. Pandey, N., et al., An Ophthalmological update for air-travellers during COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 39: p. 101955.
284. Hayakawa, K., et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection among returnees on charter flights to Japan from Hubei, China: a report from National Center for Global Health and Medicine. Glob Health Med, 2020. 2(2): p. 107-111.
285. Horoho, S., et al., Questioning COVID-19 Surface Stability and Fomite Spreading in Three Aeromedical Cases: A Case Series. Mil Med, 2020.
286. Kakoullis, L., et al., Response to COVID-19 in Cyprus: Policy changes and epidemic trends. Int J Clin Pract, 2020: p. e13944.
287. Hawkes, C.H., Smell, Taste and Covid-19: Testing is Essential. QJM, 2020.
288. Koh, C.H., Commercial Air Travel for Passengers With Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations for Common Conditions. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2020. 46(3): p. 100768.
289. Dagens, A.B., et al., Trans-Atlantic aeromedical repatriation of multiple COVID-19 patients: a hybrid military-civilian model. BMJ Mil Health, 2020.
290. Asai, Y., et al., Effect of evacuation of Japanese residents from Wuhan, China, on preventing transmission of novel coronavirus infection: A modelling study. J Infect Chemother, 2020.
291. Abdel-Rahman, N. and G. Izbicki, To Fly Or Not To Fly? Aviation and Respiratory Diseases. Isr Med Assoc J, 2020. 22(12): p. 794-799.
292. Alderson, S., et al., Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic: The experiences of South Australia's Rescue, Retrieval and Aviation Services. Emerg Med Australas, 2021.
293. Kamata, K., et al., The Flight Evacuation Mission for COVID-19 from Wuhan, China to Tokyo, Japan from 28 January to 17 February 2020. Jpn J Infect Dis, 2020.
294. Toprani, S.M., C. Scheibler, and Z.D. Nagel, Interplay Between Air Travel, Genome Integrity, and COVID-19 Risk vis-a-vis Flight Crew. Front Public Health, 2020. 8: p. 590412.
295. Tobaiqy, M., et al., Assessment of Preventative Measures Practice among Umrah Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 1440H-2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 18(1).
296. Görlich, Y. and D. Stadelmann, Mental Health of Flying Cabin Crews: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol, 2020. 11: p. 581496.
297. Chetty, T., et al., A rapid review of the effectiveness of screening practices at airports, land borders and ports to reduce the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19. S Afr Med J, 2020. 110(11): p. 1105-1109.
298. Paleiron, N., et al., Impact of Tobacco Smoking on the risk of COVID-19.A large scale retrospective cohort study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2021.
299. Eguíluz, V.M., et al., Risk of Secondary Infection Waves of COVID-19 in an Insular Region: The Case of the Balearic Islands, Spain. Front Med (Lausanne), 2020. 7: p. 563455.
300. Dąbrowska, J., et al., Marine Waste-Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021. 18(2).
301. Zhang, Y. and S.R. Cheng, Evaluating the Need for Routine COVID-19 Testing of Emergency Department Staff: Quantitative Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2020. 6(4): p. e20260.
302. Sano, M., et al., Four Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transferred from a Cruise Ship. Intern Med, 2020.
303. Montano, W. and E. Gushiken, Lima soundscape before confinement and during curfew. Airplane flights suppressions because of Peruvian lockdown. J Acoust Soc Am, 2020. 148(4): p. 1824.
304. Albastaki, A., et al., First confirmed detection of SARS-COV-2 in untreated municipal and aircraft wastewater in Dubai, UAE: The use of wastewater based epidemiology as an early warning tool to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19. Sci Total Environ, 2020: p. 143350.
305. John Milne, R., C. Delcea, and L.A. Cotfas, Airplane Boarding Methods that Reduce Risk from COVID-19. Saf Sci, 2020: p. 105061.
306. Malagón-Rojas, J., et al., SARS-CoV-2 and RT-PCR in asymptomatic patients: Results of a cohort of workers at El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, 2020. Biomedica, 2020. 40(Supl. 2): p. 166-172.
307. Olapoju, O.M., Estimating transportation role in pandemic diffusion in Nigeria: A consideration of 1918-19 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. J Glob Health, 2020. 10(2): p. 020501.
308. Shaikh Abdul Karim, S., et al., Experience repatriation of citizens from epicentre using commercial flights during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Emerg Med, 2020. 13(1): p. 50.
309. Kim, J.G., et al., Air Evacuation of Passengers with Potential SARS-CoV-2 Infection Under the Guidelines for Appropriate Infection Control and Prevention. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2020. 11(5): p. 334-338.
310. Deeb, O.E. and M. Jalloul, The dynamics of COVID-19 spread: evidence from Lebanon. Math Biosci Eng, 2020. 17(5): p. 5618-5632.
311. Luo, J.M. and C.F. Lam, Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards "Travel Bubble" Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(21).
312. Wang, S., Y. Liu, and T. Hu, Examining the Change of Human Mobility Adherent to Social Restriction Policies and Its Effect on COVID-19 Cases in Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(21).
313. Alshahrani, N.Z., et al., Compliance of the Gulf Cooperation Council airlines with COVID-19 mitigation measures. J Travel Med, 2020.
314. Buss, I., B. Genton, and V. D'Acremont, Etiology of fever in returning travelers and migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med, 2020.
315. Milne, R.J., et al., Adapting the reverse pyramid airplane boarding method for social distancing in times of COVID-19. PLoS One, 2020. 15(11): p. e0242131.
316. Di Carlo, P., et al., Air and surface measurements of SARS-CoV-2 inside a bus during normal operation. PLoS One, 2020. 15(11): p. e0235943.
317. Steffen, R., S. Lautenschlager, and J. Fehr, Travel restrictions and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic-impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland. J Travel Med, 2020.
318. Dam, P., et al., COVID-19: Impact on transport and mental health. J Transp Health, 2020. 19: p. 100969.
319. Barbieri, D.M., et al., A survey dataset to evaluate the changes in mobility and transportation due to COVID-19 travel restrictions in Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa, United States. Data Brief, 2020. 33: p. 106459.
320. Chang, S.L., et al., Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Nat Commun, 2020. 11(1): p. 5710.
321. Dollard, P., et al., Risk Assessment and Management of COVID-19 Among Travelers Arriving at Designated U.S. Airports, January 17-September 13, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(45): p. 1681-1685.
322. Khatib, A.N., et al., Navigating the Risks of Flying During COVID-19: A Review for Safe Air Travel. J Travel Med, 2020.
323. Porcheddu, R., et al., Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2020. 14(2): p. 125-128.
324. Mayer, O., et al., Lessons Learned from a COVID-19 Biohazard Spill During Swabbing at a Quarantine Facility. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020: p. 1-9.
325. Glaeser, E.L., C. Gorback, and S.J. Redding, JUE Insight: How Much does COVID-19 Increase with Mobility? Evidence from New York and Four Other U.S. Cities. J Urban Econ, 2020: p. 103292.
326. Schultz, M., et al., Future aircraft turnaround operations considering post-pandemic requirements. J Air Transp Manag, 2020. 89: p. 101886.
327. Amankwah-Amoah, J., Note: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday! Responding to environmental shocks: Insights on global airlines' responses to COVID-19. Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev, 2020. 143: p. 102098.
328. Pombal, R., I. Hosegood, and D. Powell, Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel. JAMA, 2020.
329. Harries, A.D., L. Martinez, and J.M. Chakaya, SARS-CoV-2: how safe is it to fly and what can be done to enhance protection? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2020.
330. Casal, E.R., H.N. Catalano, and E.N. Vázquez, [Commercial airline routes and international distribution of COVID-19]. Medicina (B Aires), 2020. 80(5): p. 512-515.
331. Kim, J.E., et al., COVID-19 screening center models in South Korea. J Public Health Policy, 2020: p. 1-12.
332. Murphy, N., et al., A large national outbreak of COVID-19 linked to air travel, Ireland, summer 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(42).
333. Roy, S. and P. Ghosh, Factors affecting COVID-19 infected and death rates inform lockdown-related policymaking. PLoS One, 2020. 15(10): p. e0241165.
334. Hayward, A.C., et al., Public activities preceding the onset of acute respiratory infection syndromes in adults in England - implications for the use of social distancing to control pandemic respiratory infections. Wellcome Open Res, 2020. 5: p. 54.
335. Kang, S., et al., The Evolving Policy Debate on Border Closure in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health, 2020. 53(5): p. 302-306.
336. Sun, X., S. Wandelt, and A. Zhang, How did COVID-19 impact air transportation? A first peek through the lens of complex networks. J Air Transp Manag, 2020. 89: p. 101928.
337. Ribeiro, S.P., et al., Worldwide COVID-19 spreading explained: traveling numbers as a primary driver for the pandemic. An Acad Bras Cienc, 2020. 92(4): p. e20201139.
338. cacciapaglia Cacciapaglia, G. and F. Sannino, Interplay of social distancing and border restrictions for pandemics via the epidemic renormalisation group framework. Sci Rep, 2020. 10(1): p. 15828.
339. Barguil, Y., et al., Management of a global health crisis: first COVID-19 disease feedback from Overseas and French-speaking countries medical biologists. Ann Biol Clin (Paris), 2020. 78(5): p. 499-518.
340. Alfvén, T., et al., [The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - an important opportunity to improve global health]. Lakartidningen, 2020. 117.
341. Shrestha, N., et al., The impact of COVID-19 on globalization. One Health, 2020: p. 100180.
342. Kang, N. and B. Kim, The Effects of Border Shutdowns on the Spread of COVID-19. J Prev Med Public Health, 2020. 53(5): p. 293-301.
343. Xie, C., et al., The evidence of indirect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 reported in Guangzhou, China. BMC Public Health, 2020. 20(1): p. 1202.
344. Hu, M., et al., The risk of COVID-19 transmission in train passengers: an epidemiological and modelling study. Clin Infect Dis, 2020.
345. Wang, L., et al., Quadruple therapy for asymptomatic COVID-19 infection patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2020. 18(7): p. 617-624.
346. Baveja, A., A. Kapoor, and B. Melamed, Stopping Covid-19: A pandemic-management service value chain approach. Ann Oper Res, 2020: p. 1-12.
347. Ye, L.X., et al., [Investigation of a cluster epidemic of COVID-19 in Ningbo]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2020. 41(0): p. E065.
348. Yasri, S. and V. Wiwanitkit, Public Tourist Bus, Tourist Bus Driver, and COVID-19 Infection: A Note. Int J Prev Med, 2020. 11: p. 82.
349. Sigala, M., Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. J Bus Res, 2020. 117: p. 312-321.
350. Shen, Y., et al., Community Outbreak Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Bus Riders in Eastern China. JAMA Intern Med, 2020.
351. Taniguchi, H., et al., Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe pneumonia: COVID-19 case in Japan. Acute Med Surg, 2020. 7(1): p. e509.
352. Blackstone, N.W., S.R. Blackstone, and A.T. Berg, Variation and multilevel selection of SARS-CoV-2. Evolution, 2020.
353. De Natale, G., et al., The COVID-19 Infection in Italy: A Statistical Study of an Abnormally Severe Disease. J Clin Med, 2020. 9(5).
354. Emery, J.C., et al., The contribution of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections to transmission on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. Elife, 2020. 9.
355. Hosoda, T., et al., SARS-CoV-2 enterocolitis with persisting to excrete the virus for approximately two weeks after recovering from diarrhea: A case report. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2020. 41(6): p. 753-754.
356. Hung, I.F., et al., SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversion among passengers quarantined after disembarking a cruise ship: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020. 20(9): p. 1051-1060.
357. Lin, Y.C., et al., Quarantine measures for coronavirus disease 2019 on a cruise ship, Taiwan, February 2020. Int J Infect Dis, 2020. 99: p. 298-300.
358. Xue, J., et al., Public discourse and sentiment during the COVID 19 pandemic: Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation for topic modeling on Twitter. PLoS One, 2020. 15(9): p. e0239441.
359. Dubbke-Laule, A., et al., [Quadruple negative SARS-CoV-2-PCR: still COVID-19 pneumonia!]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 2020. 145(20): p. 1498-1502.
360. Choquet, A. and A. Sam-Lefebvre, Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states? Ann Tour Res, 2020: p. 103066.
361. Muto, K., et al., Japanese citizens' behavioral changes and preparedness against COVID-19: An online survey during the early phase of the pandemic. PLoS One, 2020. 15(6): p. e0234292.
362. Deng, X., et al., Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California. Science, 2020. 369(6503): p. 582-587.
363. Sriwijitalai, W. and V. Wiwanitkit, COVID-19 Outbreak in International Airport - Where the Incidence Case Occurs? Int J Prev Med, 2020. 11: p. 51.
364. Lai, C.K.C., et al., Epidemiological characteristics of the first 100 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, a city with a stringent containment policy. Int J Epidemiol, 2020.
365. Wilson, N., et al., Case-Fatality Risk Estimates for COVID-19 Calculated by Using a Lag Time for Fatality. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(6): p. 1339-1441.
366. Liu, X. and Y.C. Chang, An emergency responding mechanism for cruise epidemic prevention-taking COVID-19 as an example. Mar Policy, 2020. 119: p. 104093.
367. Deng, X., et al., A Genomic Survey of SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Multiple Introductions into Northern California without a Predominant Lineage. medRxiv, 2020.
368. Yang, N., et al., In-flight transmission cluster of COVID-19: a retrospective case series. Infect Dis (Lond), 2020. 52(12): p. 891-901.
369. Wei, J.T., et al., Impacts of transportation and meteorological factors on the transmission of COVID-19. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2020. 230: p. 113610.
370. Shi, S., et al., Travel restrictions and SARS-CoV-2 transmission: an effective distance approach to estimate impact. Bull World Health Organ, 2020. 98(8): p. 518-529.
371. Serrano, F. and A. Kazda, The future of airport post COVID-19. J Air Transp Manag, 2020. 89: p. 101900.
372. Pavli, A., et al., In-flight transmission of COVID-19 on flights to Greece: An epidemiological analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 38: p. 101882.
373. Oztig, L.I. and O.E. Askin, Human mobility and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a negative binomial regression analysis. Public Health, 2020. 185: p. 364-367.
374. Myers, J.F., et al., Identification and Monitoring of International Travelers During the Initial Phase of an Outbreak of COVID-19 - California, February 3-March 17, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(19): p. 599-602.
375. Luo, G., M.L. McHenry, and J.J. Letterio, Estimating the prevalence and risk of COVID-19 among international travelers and evacuees of Wuhan through modeling and case reports. PLoS One, 2020. 15(6): p. e0234955.
376. Linka, K., et al., Is it safe to lift COVID-19 travel bans? The Newfoundland story. Comput Mech, 2020: p. 1-12.
377. Bae, S.H., et al., Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Evacuation Flight. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(11): p. 2705-2708.
378. Gössling, S., Risks, resilience, and pathways to sustainable aviation: A COVID-19 perspective. J Air Transp Manag, 2020. 89: p. 101933.
379. De Salazar, P.M., et al., Identifying Locations with Possible Undetected Imported Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cases by Using Importation Predictions. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(7): p. 1465-1469.
380. Nikolaou, P. and L. Dimitriou, Identification of critical airports for controlling global infectious disease outbreaks: Stress-tests focusing in Europe. J Air Transp Manag, 2020. 85: p. 101819.
381. Daon, Y., R.N. Thompson, and U. Obolski, Estimating COVID-19 outbreak risk through air travel. J Travel Med, 2020.
382. Cadnum, J.L., et al., Evaluation of Ultraviolet-C Light for Rapid Decontamination of Airport Security Bins in the Era of SARS-CoV-2. Pathog Immun, 2020. 5(1): p. 133-142.
383. Zhang, Y., A. Zhang, and J. Wang, Exploring the roles of high-speed train, air and coach services in the spread of COVID-19 in China. Transp Policy (Oxf), 2020. 94: p. 34-42.
384. Christidis, P. and A. Christodoulou, The Predictive Capacity of Air Travel Patterns during the Global Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk, Uncertainty and Randomness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020. 17(10): p. 3356.
385. Gunthe, S.S. and S.S. Patra, Impact of international travel dynamics on domestic spread of 2019-nCoV in India: origin-based risk assessment in importation of infected travelers. Global Health, 2020. 16(1): p. 45.
386. Clifford, S., et al., Effectiveness of interventions targeting air travellers for delaying local outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2. J Travel Med, 2020.
387. Lau, H., et al., The association between international and domestic air traffic and the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020.
388. Linka, K., et al., Outbreak dynamics of COVID-19 in Europe and the effect of travel restrictions. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2020: p. 1-8.
389. Iacus, S.M., et al., Estimating and Projecting Air Passenger Traffic during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak and its Socio-Economic Impact. Saf Sci, 2020: p. 104791.
390. Chen, C.M., et al., Containing COVID-19 among 627,386 Persons Contacting with Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics. J Med Internet Res, 2020.
391. Wong, J., et al., High proportion of asymptomatic and presymptomatic COVID-19 infections in travelers and returning residents to Brunei. J Travel Med, 2020.
392. Bruinen de Bruin, Y., et al., Initial impacts of global risk mitigation measures taken during the combatting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Saf Sci, 2020: p. 104773.
393. Devi, S., Travel restrictions hampering COVID-19 response. Lancet, 2020. 395(10233): p. 1331-1332.
394. Hirotsu, Y., et al., Environmental cleaning is effective for the eradication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in contaminated hospital rooms: A patient from the Diamond Princess cruise ship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2020: p. 1-8.
395. Lytras, T., et al., High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in repatriation flights to Greece from three European countries. J Travel Med, 2020.
396. Vaidya, R., et al., Travel restrictions and infectious disease outbreaks. J Travel Med, 2020.
397. Petersen, E., et al., COVID-19 travel restrictions and the International Health Regulations - call for an open debate on easing of travel restrictions. Int J Infect Dis, 2020.
398. Kraemer, M.U.G., et al., The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science, 2020.
399. Al Nsour, M., et al., The Role of the Global Health Development/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network and the Eastern Mediterranean Field Epidemiology Training Programs in Preparedness for COVID-19. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2020. 6(1): p. e18503.
400. [Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during COVID-19 outbreak]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2020. 54(4): p. 359-361.
401. Anzai, A., et al., Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19). J Clin Med, 2020. 9(2).
402. Chinazzi, M., et al., The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 2020.
403. Bwire, G.M. and L.S. Paulo, Coronavirus disease-2019: is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers? Trop Med Health, 2020. 48: p. 14.
404. Wells, C.R., et al., Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020. 117(13): p. 7504-7509.
405. Zhong, P., S. Guo, and T. Chen, Correlation between travellers departing from Wuhan before the Spring Festival and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to all provinces in China. J Travel Med, 2020.
406. Gherghel, I. and M. Bulai, Is Romania ready to face the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak? The role of incoming travelers and that of Romanian diaspora. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101628.
407. Arab-Mazar, Z., et al., Mapping the incidence of the COVID-19 hotspot in Iran - Implications for Travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101630.
408. Olsen, S.J., et al., Early Introduction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 into Europe. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(7).
409. Meier, B.M., R. Habibi, and Y.T. Yang, Travel restrictions violate international law. Science, 2020. 367(6485): p. 1436.
410. Gostin, L.O. and L.F. Wiley, Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-home Orders, Business Closures, and Travel Restrictions. JAMA, 2020.
411. Elachola, H., S.H. Ebrahim, and E. Gozzer, COVID-19: Facemask use prevalence in international airports in Asia, Europe and the Americas, March 2020. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101637.
412. Eldin, C., et al., Probable aircraft transmission of Covid-19 in-flight from the Central African Republic to France. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101643.
413. Arashiro, T., K. Furukawa, and A. Nakamura, COVID-19 in 2 Persons with Mild Upper Respiratory Symptoms on a Cruise Ship, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis, 2020. 26(6).
414. Sawano, T., et al., Limiting spread of COVID-19 from cruise ships - lessons to be learnt from Japan. QJM, 2020.
415. Mouchtouri, V.A., M. Dirksen-Fischer, and C. Hadjichristodoulou, Health measures to travelers and cruise ships in response to COVID-19. J Travel Med, 2020.
416. Pullano, G., et al., Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) early-stage importation risk to Europe, January 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(4).
417. Bogoch, II, et al., Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China. J Travel Med, 2020. 27(2).
418. Wilson, M.E. and L.H. Chen, Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). J Travel Med, 2020. 27(2).
419. Quilty, B.J., et al., Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travellers infected with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Euro Surveill, 2020. 25(5).
420. Haider, N., et al., Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America. Epidemiol Infect, 2020. 148: p. e41.
421. Zhuang, Z., et al., Preliminary estimation of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in Iran: A modelling analysis based on overseas cases and air travel data. Int J Infect Dis, 2020.
422. Craig, A.T., A.E. Heywood, and J. Hall, Risk of COVID-19 importation to the Pacific islands through global air travel. Epidemiol Infect, 2020. 148: p. e71.
423. Zhang, X.A., et al., Importing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into China after international air travel. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101620.
424. Candido, D.D.S., et al., Routes for COVID-19 importation in Brazil. J Travel Med, 2020.
425. Zheng, R., et al., Spatial transmission of COVID-19 via public and private transportation in China. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020: p. 101626.
426. Zhao, S., et al., The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 33: p. 101568.
427. Zhang, M.X., et al., Quarantine Vehicle Scheduling for Transferring High-Risk Individuals in Epidemic Areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(7).
428. Wilson, M.E., What goes on board aircraft? Passengers include Aedes, Anopheles, 2019-nCoV, dengue, Salmonella, Zika, et al. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 33: p. 101572.
429. Moriarty, L.F., et al., Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships - Worldwide, February-March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020. 69(12): p. 347-352.
Last update: 08/09/2022